The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Gallibacterium anatis; isolate the bacterium and determine its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in apparently healthy village chickens in the study area. Out of the total of 150 samples which comprises of 75 tracheal and 75 cloacal swab samples collected from apparently healthy chickens of both sexes and various age groups analysed, 37 samples were found positive for Gallibacterium anatis with an overall prevalence rate of 24.67%. The bacterium was more prevalent in village chickens sampled from village poultry farmers households (17.33%) compared to those sampled from the live birds markets (7.33%). Isolation of the bacterium was more frequent in the tracheal swabs (18.67%) than in cloacal swabs (6.0%) (P = 0.0055). The prevalence of the bacterium was higher in the females (24.67%) than in the male (0.0%) chickens (P<0.0001 at 95% CI) and was also more prevalent in the adult than the young chickens (P<0.0001 at 95% CI). The prevalence of the bacterium among village chickens in this study may be associated with inadequate husbandry systems and poor hygiene. The non-haemolytic strain of the bacterium was more prevalent among the isolates compared to the haemolytic strains. The isolate of G. anatis showed negative reactions to urease, coagulase, indole and maltose test, but showed positive reactions to test with catalase, sucrose, phosphatase oxidase and sorbitol test. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that isolates were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin, moderately susceptible to streptomycin and ofloxacin but resistant to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol. To control the spread of the bacterium among poultry species, adequate biosecurity measures should be put in place in all level of village poultry production system and initiation of public awareness against misuse of antibiotic by poultry farmers to avoid drug resistance.

Signs of dysuria in rams are usually associated with urethral obstruction caused by calculi, especially in castrated males, while penile trauma is rarely reported as a cause of dysuria. In this paper, a case of a 4-year-old, 65 kg bodyweight, Sardinian intact ram referred to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (OVUD) at the Department of Veterinary Medicine - University of Perugia, Italy, with a 1-month history of dysuria is reported. At the moment of referral, the animal showed increased heart and respiratory rate, normal rectal temperature, urine dropping, straining and false kyphosis. Ultrasound investigation revealed heterogeneous hypoechoic tissue surrounded by a hyperechoic capsule in the apical end of the penis, normal testicular parenchyma, and distended urinary bladder. After sedation, the protruded glans penis was necrotic at inspection. Cystography showed no alterations in the urinary tract, while catheterization was unsuccessful; after the amputation of the urethral process, involuntary urine loss appeared. The ram was hospitalized and antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and sustain therapy was administered for 5 days, associated with daily preputial flushing with iodine solution. Two injections of neostigmine metilsulphate, 1 mg SC, 24 hours apart, were administered to increase the bladder tone. The animal slowly improved both the general condition and the voluntary urine emission. After coming back to the farm, the ram observed a further period of sexual rest. To our knowledge, there are no reported cases of iatrogenic penile trauma and subsequent necrosis and strangury in small ruminants. Since necrosis of the glans penis was noticed, caution should be used in formulating prognosis concerning the future mating ability of the animal, based on the extension of the necrotic process.

The most common disease entity of the anal area in dogs, Anal Gland Disease (AGD), is directly associated with paired structures located on either side of the anus. Despite frequent manifestations of AGD in both canine and feline populations, veterinarian-client conversations addressing the prevention and management of AGD are typically avoided during routine exam room discussions. Unfortunately, AGD consultations most commonly occur when an animal presents at the clinic with an attendant anal gland problem. Compression of the internal and external muscles of the anal sphincter and the concomitant mechanical pressure of stool during defecation effects a full or partial emptying of anal glands: Problems related to AGD are primarily associated with the inability of the anal glands to empty. Reduction in the incidence of AGD can be accomplished when firm stool exerts enough pressure on the anal glands to allow for natural gland expression, reducing the potential for inflammation. This is especially significant in the management of obese animals and small breeds diagnosed with the disease.

In the final 20 years of the 19th Century the Sudan was in turmoil. An indigenous religious uprising against the Egyptian rulers was eventually put down by the Egyptian and elements of the British Army in 1898. The capital, Khartoum, was captured and a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established. The country remained largely under military rule for many years. A Veterinary Service was installed mainly to provide health care to the enormous numbers of cavalry and transport animals (horses, mules, donkeys and camels) that the military required to govern and control the still turbulent population. Between the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1901 and the achievement of independence by the Republic of Sudan on 1 January 1956 a total of 12 people served as Principal Veterinary Officers (to 1910) or as Directors of Veterinary Services (from 1910 to 1956). The early incumbents of the post were serving military officers seconded, usually for rather short periods, from the British Army Veterinary Corps to the Egyptian Army which in turn employed them directly or seconded them to the Sudan. Frederick Ulysses Carr was the fourth officer to head the veterinary services in Sudan and served for the longest time, almost ten years in all.

Large number of species can suffer because of gastro-intestinal foreign bodies (bezoars); the word bezoar is derived from Arabic “badzehr” or the Persian word “padzahr”, meaning an antidote for poisons, and those found in the goat were considered to have healing properties. Depending on the content, there can be phytobezoars, trichobezoars, trichophytobezoars, lactobezoars, lithobezoars or pharmacobezoars. In the last decades, due to urban development and pollution, it became difficult to ignore the adverse effects of nylon debris on the hayfield or pastures. Although small ruminants have a different prehension than bovines, they can introduce indigestible materials like plastic that may represent a core for the future bezoars. In this paper, a 5-year-old, 17 Kg body weight Tibetan doe was referred in January 2017 to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (OVUD) at the Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia, Italy, with a sudden occurrence of lateral recumbence, anorexia and opisthotonus. On presentation, the goat had poor body condition score, opisthotonus, congested mucous membranes, tachycardia, dyspnea, tympanic and atonic rumen. Body temperature was 34.7 °C and on transabdominal palpation, a large and consistent intra-abdominal mass was appreciated. At the ultrasound scan, the mass was characterized by a hyperechoic and irregular surface, extending from pelvic inlet to the cranial abdomen. A diagnosis of phytobezoar/trichobezoar was advanced. A left paralumbar fossa laparotomy was carried out in order to remove the foreign body; briefly, a local anesthesia was performed with 10 ml of lidocaine chlorhydrate 2% in a reverse L block technique. Upon partial rumen exteriorization and rumenotomy, the phytobezoar (35 X 30 X 25 cm and 2.3 Kg), composed of a compact mixture of ropes, jute packaging, electric wires, and plastic material, was removed; at external examination, it assumed the shape of the rumen. Postoperative therapy included administration of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drug. An improvement of the clinical signs was observed in the following two days; then, nervous signs worsen and nystagmus appeared inducing us to perform euthanasia with 6 ml of Tanax® intravenously. At necropsy, the rumen contained a green and dense fluid and its mucosa papillae were alternatively thin and short, whereas the abomasum a compact and mixed foreign body. In conclusion, plastic litter and other indigestible materials could be lethal in small ruminants that are grazing in urban context. Late diagnosis and appearance of nervous symptoms did not allow the recovery of the clinical features even if a prompt rumenotomy was performed.